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Saturday, 20 August 2016
Sunday, 27 December 2015
Sunday, 20 December 2015
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND IS AN ORGANISATION OF 188 COUNTRIES WORKING TO FOSTER GLOBAL MONETARY COOPERATION, SECURE FINANCIAL STABILITY , FACILITATE INTERNATIONAL TRADE, PROMOTE HIGH EMPLOYMENT , SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND REDUCE POVERTY AROUND THE WORLD.
IMF WAS CREATED IN 1945.
THE 44 COUNTRIES IN 1944 AT THE CONFERENCE SOUGHT TO BUILD A FRAME WORK FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION TO AVOID REPETITION OF THE COMPETITIVE DEVALUATION THAT HAD CONTRIBUTED TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930s.
HEADQUATERS IN WASHINGTON DC.
TOTAL QUOTAS -- US$327 BILLION.
AIMS OF IMF ---
A CORE RESPONSIBILITY OF IMF IS TO PROVIDE LOANS TO MEMBER COUNTRIES EXPERIENCING ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL BALANCE OF PAYMENTS PROBLEMS.
UNLIKE DEVELOPMENT BANKS IMF DOES NOT LEND FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS.
GOLD REMAINS AN IMPORTANT ASSET IN THE RESERVE HOLDINGS OF SEVERAL COUNTRIES,AND THE IMF IS STILL THE WORLD LARGEST OFFICIAL HOLDER OF GOLD.
IMF WAS CREATED IN 1945.
THE 44 COUNTRIES IN 1944 AT THE CONFERENCE SOUGHT TO BUILD A FRAME WORK FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION TO AVOID REPETITION OF THE COMPETITIVE DEVALUATION THAT HAD CONTRIBUTED TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930s.
HEADQUATERS IN WASHINGTON DC.
TOTAL QUOTAS -- US$327 BILLION.
AIMS OF IMF ---
- PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY COOPERATION.
- FACILITATE THE EXPANSION AND BALANCED GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
- PROMOTE EXCHANGE STABILITY.
- ASSIST IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MULTILATERAL SYSTEM OF PAYMENTS.
A CORE RESPONSIBILITY OF IMF IS TO PROVIDE LOANS TO MEMBER COUNTRIES EXPERIENCING ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL BALANCE OF PAYMENTS PROBLEMS.
UNLIKE DEVELOPMENT BANKS IMF DOES NOT LEND FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS.
GOLD REMAINS AN IMPORTANT ASSET IN THE RESERVE HOLDINGS OF SEVERAL COUNTRIES,AND THE IMF IS STILL THE WORLD LARGEST OFFICIAL HOLDER OF GOLD.
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND ADMITTED CHINA'S
YUAN INTO ITS BENCHMARK CURRENCY BASKET , AS EXPECTED, IN A VICTORY
FOR BEIJING'S CAMPAIGN FOR RECOGNITION AS A GLOBAL ECONOMIC POWER.
THE DECISION TO ADD THE YUAN, ALSO KNOWN AS THE RENMINBI, TO THE SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS (SDR) BASKET ALONGSIDE THE DOLLAR, EURO, POUND STERLING AND YEN, IS AN IMPORTANT MILESTONE IN CHINA'S INTEGRATION INTO GLOBAL FINANCES AND A NOD TO THE PROGRESS IT HAS MADE WITH REFORMS.
THE DECISION TO ADD THE YUAN, ALSO KNOWN AS THE RENMINBI, TO THE SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS (SDR) BASKET ALONGSIDE THE DOLLAR, EURO, POUND STERLING AND YEN, IS AN IMPORTANT MILESTONE IN CHINA'S INTEGRATION INTO GLOBAL FINANCES AND A NOD TO THE PROGRESS IT HAS MADE WITH REFORMS.
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND SHOULD WEAR THE HAT OF A REGULATOR OF
GLOBAL CENTRAL BANKS TO HALT THE MONETARY AUTHORITIES OF THE WESTERN WORLD FROM
DESTABILISING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY WITH PROLONGED IMPRUDENT POLICIES TO LIFT
THEIR SAGGING ECONOMIES, SAID RESERVE BANK OF INDIA GOVERNOR RAGHURAM RAJAN.
SUFFERING RICH NATIONS WHICH HAVE DISPROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATIONS IN MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE WORLD BANK AND THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SHOULD NOT BE A STUMBLING BLOCK IN ENHANCING THE FUNDING OF THESE INSTITUTIONS WHICH COULD PROVIDE LONG-TERM CAPITAL TO BUILD INFRASTRUCTURE IN EMERGING MARKETS INSTEAD OF HOT MONEY FLOWS FROM CHEAP MONETARY POLICIES OF THE WEST, HE SAID.
SUFFERING RICH NATIONS WHICH HAVE DISPROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATIONS IN MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE WORLD BANK AND THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SHOULD NOT BE A STUMBLING BLOCK IN ENHANCING THE FUNDING OF THESE INSTITUTIONS WHICH COULD PROVIDE LONG-TERM CAPITAL TO BUILD INFRASTRUCTURE IN EMERGING MARKETS INSTEAD OF HOT MONEY FLOWS FROM CHEAP MONETARY POLICIES OF THE WEST, HE SAID.
Saturday, 7 November 2015
IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION.
THE UNITED NATIONS IS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOUNDED IN 1945.
THE MISSION AND WORK OF THE UNITED NATIONS IS GUIDED BY THE PURPOSES
AND PRINCIPLES CONTAINED IN THE CHARTER.
THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS WAS SIGNED ON 26 JUNE,1945.
THE UNITED NATIONS CAN TAKE ACTION ON THE ISSUES CONFRONTING HUMANITY IN 21 CENTURY,SUCH AS PEACE , SECURITY, CLIMATE CHANGE , SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH EMERGENCIES, GENDER EQUALITY,TERRORISM , FOOD PRODUCTION, HUMAN RIGHTS ETC.
THE YEAR 2015 MARKS 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF UN.
THE UNITED NATIONS HAS TOTAL 193 MEMBERS(COUNTRIES) IN GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
THE UN COUNCIL IS COMPOSED OF 15 MEMBERS IN WHICH 5 MEMBERS ARE PERMANENT AND 10 MEMBERS ARE NON-PERMANENT,THEY GET CHANGE AFTER EVERY TWO YEARS.
FIVE PERMANENT MEMBERS(COUNTRIES) ARE----
1. US
2. UK
3. CHINA
4. FRANCE
5. RUSSIA
THE TEN NON PERMANENT MEMBERS(COUNTRIES) ARE---
1. ANGOLA
2. CHAD
3. CHILE
4. JORDAN
5. LITHUANIA
6. MALAYSIA
7. NEW ZEALAND
8. NIGERIA
9. SPAIN
10. VENEZUELA
THE HEAD OF THE UN IS THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF UNITED NATIONS.
BAN KI MOON IS THE SOUTH KOREAN POLITICIAN WHO IS THE 8TH UN SECRETARY GENERAL.
THE MAIN ORGANS OF UN ARE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, THE SECURITY COUNCIL, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL, THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL, THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE UN SECRETARIAT.
VARIOUS FUNDS , AGENCIES , PROGRAMMES OF UN ARE---
UNDP (UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME )
UNICEF(UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND)
WORLD BANK.
IMF
WHO
UNESCO
WTO
Wednesday, 4 November 2015
GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT KEY NOTES 3.
Ø
NATURAL RESOURCES ARE THOSE WHICH ARE DRAWN FROM
NATURE AND USED WITHOUT MUCH MODIFICATION.
Ø
ACTUAL RESOURCES ARE THOSE WHOSE QUANTITY IS
KNOWN TO US.EXAMPLE—RICH COAL DEPOSITS OF COAL IN RUHR REGION OF GERMANY.
Ø
POTENTIAL RESOURCES ARE THOSE WHOSE PRESENT
QUANTITY IS NOT KNOWN TO US AND THEY ARE NOT BEING USED PRESENT DAY.EXAMPLE—URANIUM
FOUND IN LADAKH.
Ø
ABIOTIC RESOURCES ARE NON-LIVING RESOURCES. EXAMPLES— SOILS, ROCKS & MINERALS
.
Ø
BIOTIC RESOURCES ARE THOSE RESOURCES WHICH ARE
LIVING.FOR EXAMPLE—PLANTS & ANIMALS.
Ø
RENEWABLE RESOURCES ARE THOSE WHICH GETS
REPLENISH OR RENEWED QUICKLY LIKE SOLAR ENERGY AND WIND ENERGY.
Ø
NON-RENEWABLE ARE THOSE WHICH ARE LIMITED STOCK
LIKE COAL , PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS.
Ø
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT MEANS IMPROVING THE QUALITY
OF SKILL OF PEOPLE SO THAT THEY ARE ABLE TO CREATE MORE RESOURCES.
Ø
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEANS CAREFULLY UTILISING
THE RESOURCES SUCH THAT BESIDES MEETING THE NEED OF PRESENT,ALSO TAKE CARE OF
FUTURE GENERATION.
Ø
90% OF WORLD POPULATION OCCUPIES ONLY 30% OF
LAND AREA.
Ø
MULCHING IS THE PROCESS OF COVERING THE BARE
GROUND BETWEEN PLANTS WITH ORGANIC MATTERS SUCH AS STRAW WHICH HELPS TO RETAIN
SOIL MOISTURE.
Ø
IN INTERCROPPING DIFFERENT CROPS ARE GROWN IN
DIFFERENT ROWS AND AT ALTERNATE TIME TO PROTECT SOIL FROM RAIN WASH.
Ø
MINING IS THE PROCESS OF TAKING OUT MINERALS
FROM THE ROCKS BURIED UNDER THE EARTH SURFACE.
Ø
OPEN CAST MINING—MINERALS THAT LIE AT SHALLOW DEPTH
THAT ARE TAKEN OUT BY REMOVING THE
SURFACE LAYER.
Ø
SHAFT MINING--- DEEP BORES, CALLED AS SHAFT ARE
MADE TO REACH THE MINERALS DEPOSITS THAT LIE AT GREAT DEPTHS.
Ø
DRILLING---
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GASES LIES DEEP BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE. DEEP WELLS ARE
BORED TO TAKE THEM OUT.
Ø
QUARRYING—MINERALS THAT LIE NEAR TO THE EARTH’S
SURFACE ARE EASILY DUGGED OUT.
Ø
A GREEN DIAMOND IS THE RAREST DIAMOND.
Ø
THE OLDEST ROCKS IN THE WORLD ARE OF WESTERN
Ø
CHILE AND PERU ARE THE LEADING PRODUCER OF
COPPER.
Ø
AUSTRALIA IS THE LARGEST PRODUCER OF BAUXITE IN
THE WORLD.
Ø
INDIA IS THE LARGEST PRODUCER AND EXPORTER OF
MICA IN THE WORLD.
Ø
KOLAR IN KARNATAKA HAS GOLD DEPOSITS IN INDIA.
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